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␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ¬Research Proposal Submitted to


␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ∧∨␈↓αTHE NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION


␈↓ ↓H␈↓α␈↓ ε=␈↓for


␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ∧D␈↓αBasic Research in Arti␈↓␈↓βc␈↓␈↓αcial Intelligence


␈↓ ↓H␈↓α␈↓ ε@␈↓by


␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ¬iJohn McCarthy
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ¬	Professor of Computer Science
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ¬CPrincipal Investigator








␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ε⊂May 1984





␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ¬Computer Science Department

␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ¬∩␈↓αSTANFORD UNIVERSITY

␈↓ ↓H␈↓α␈↓ ¬M␈↓Stanford, California



␈↓ ↓H␈↓¬␈↓ ↓KResearch Proposal Submitted to the National Science Foundation





␈↓ ↓H␈↓Proposed Amount ␈↓&␈↓λ$407,532␈↓␈↓)αβ. Proposed Starting Date ␈↓&␈↓λ1 July 1984␈↓␈↓)αβ. Proposed Duration ␈↓&␈↓λ3 years␈↓␈↓)αβ.



␈↓ ↓H␈↓Title ␈↓&␈↓λBasic Research in Artificial Intelligence␈↓␈↓)αβ



␈↓ ↓H␈↓Principal Investigator ␈↓&␈↓λJohn McCarthy␈↓␈↓)αβ␈↓ ε8Submitting Institution ␈↓&␈↓λStanford University␈↓␈↓)αβ
␈↓ ↓H␈↓  Soc. Sec. No. ␈↓&␈↓λ558-30-4793␈↓␈↓)αβ␈↓ ε8Department ␈↓&␈↓λ Computer Science    ␈↓␈↓)αβ
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ε8Address ␈↓&␈↓λStanford, California 94305␈↓␈↓)αβ



␈↓ ↓H␈↓Make grant to ␈↓&␈↓λBoard of Trustees of the Leland Stanford Junior University␈↓␈↓)αβ



␈↓ ↓H␈↓Endorsements:

␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ αXPrincipal Investigator␈↓ ¬XDepartment Head␈↓ λHInstitutional Admin. O␈↓λ␈↓β@␈↓λ␈↓icial

␈↓ ↓H␈↓Name␈↓ αX␈↓&␈↓λJohn McCarthy        ␈↓␈↓)αβ␈↓ ¬X␈↓&␈↓λGene Golub␈↓␈↓)αβ␈↓ λX␈↓&␈↓λ                      ␈↓␈↓)αβ


␈↓ ↓H␈↓Signature␈↓ αX␈↓&␈↓λ                     ␈↓␈↓)αβ␈↓ ¬X␈↓&␈↓λ                     ␈↓␈↓)αβ␈↓ λX␈↓&␈↓λ                     ␈↓␈↓)αβ

␈↓ ↓H␈↓Title␈↓ αX␈↓&␈↓λProfessor            ␈↓␈↓)αβ␈↓ ¬X␈↓&␈↓λProfessor & Chairman ␈↓␈↓)αβ␈↓ λX␈↓&␈↓λ                     ␈↓␈↓)αβ

␈↓ ↓H␈↓Telephone␈↓ αX␈↓&␈↓λ(415) 497-4430       ␈↓␈↓)αβ␈↓ ¬X␈↓&␈↓λ(415) 497-9745       ␈↓␈↓)αβ␈↓ λX␈↓&␈↓λ                     ␈↓␈↓)αβ

␈↓ ↓H␈↓Date␈↓ αX␈↓&␈↓λ                     ␈↓␈↓)αβ␈↓ ¬X␈↓&␈↓λ                     ␈↓␈↓)αβ␈↓ λX␈↓&␈↓λ                     ␈↓␈↓)αβ
␈↓ ↓H␈↓α␈↓ εP␈↓ L1


␈↓ ↓H␈↓α␈↓ βGAbstract                                  ␈↓ εh␈↓␈↓αMcCarthy,␈α⊃John␈α⊃(1980)␈↓:␈α⊃"Circumscription␈α∩-␈α⊃A
                                          ␈↓ εh␈↓Form␈α⊂of␈α⊂Non-Monotonic␈α⊂Reasoning",␈α∂␈↓↓Arti␈↓␈↓βS␈↓␈↓↓cial
␈↓ ↓H␈↓        This␈αis␈α
a␈αrequest␈αfor␈α
a␈αgrant␈α
of␈α$407,532 ␈↓ εh␈↓↓Intelligence␈↓, Volume 13, Numbers 1,2, April.
␈↓ ↓H␈↓for␈α↔continued␈α_support␈α↔of␈α↔basic␈α_research␈α↔in
␈↓ ↓H␈↓arti␈↓βC␈↓cial intelligence.                   ␈↓ εh␈↓This␈α⊂is␈α⊂the␈α⊂most␈α⊂important␈α⊂of␈α⊂the␈α⊃six␈α⊂papers
                                          ␈↓ εh␈↓and␈α∞reports␈α∞and␈α∞the␈α∞one␈α∞that␈α∞has␈α∞received␈α
the
␈↓ ↓H␈↓        This␈α
is␈α
an␈αaccomplishment-based␈α
renewal␈↓ εh␈↓most␈α∞attention␈α∞from␈α
other␈α∞scientists.␈α∞ The␈α
need
␈↓ ↓H␈↓proposal.                                 ␈↓ εh␈↓for␈α⊗non-monotonic␈α⊗reasoning␈α∃in␈α⊗AI␈α⊗and␈α∃in
                                          ␈↓ εh␈↓database␈αtheory␈αbecame␈αapparent␈αin␈αthe␈αmiddle
␈↓ ↓H␈↓        Four␈α∞papers,␈α∞one␈α
report,␈α∞one␈α∞joint␈α
paper␈↓ εh␈↓70s␈α∩and␈α∩several␈α⊃systems␈α∩were␈α∩proposed.␈α⊃ The
␈↓ ↓H␈↓accepted␈α!for␈α!publication␈α!and␈α!one␈α!paper         ␈↓ εh␈↓issue␈α⊗of␈α⊗␈↓↓Arti␈↓␈↓βS␈↓␈↓↓cial␈α⊗Intelligence␈↓␈α⊗in␈α↔which␈α⊗this
␈↓ ↓H␈↓submitted␈αfor␈α
publication␈αare␈α
the␈αbasis␈α
for␈αthis ␈↓ εh␈↓paper␈αappeared␈αcontains␈αtwo␈αother␈αproposals.␈α I
␈↓ ↓H␈↓renewal.                                  ␈↓ εh␈↓believe␈α!that␈α"circumscription␈α!is␈α"the␈α!most
                                          ␈↓ εh␈↓successful␈α$of␈α$them.␈α$ Further␈α$papers␈α#on
␈↓ ↓H␈↓The papers are:                           ␈↓ εh␈↓circumscription␈α∨were␈α∨written␈α∨by␈α≡Raymond
                                          ␈↓ εh␈↓Reiter␈α⊂of␈α⊂the␈α⊂University␈α⊂of␈α⊂British␈α⊂Columbia,
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓αMcCarthy,␈α≥John␈α≥(1979)␈↓:␈α≥"Ascribing␈α≤Mental      ␈↓ εh␈↓Jack␈α∪Minker␈α∀of␈α∪the␈α∪University␈α∀of␈α∪Maryland
␈↓ ↓H␈↓Qualities␈α&to␈α&Machines"␈α'in␈α&␈↓↓Philosophical       ␈↓ εh␈↓and␈α∀Vladimir␈α∪Lifschitz␈α∀of␈α∪the␈α∀University␈α∪of
␈↓ ↓H␈↓↓Perspectives␈α↔in␈α↔Arti␈↓␈↓βS␈↓␈↓↓cial␈α_Intelligence␈↓,␈α↔Ringle,␈↓ εh␈↓Texas␈α∪at␈α∪El␈α∪Paso.␈α∪ I␈α∪have␈α∪a␈α∪new␈α∪paper␈α∩on
␈↓ ↓H␈↓Martin (ed.), Harvester Press, July 1979. ␈↓ εh␈↓circumscription,␈α⊗but␈α⊗there␈α⊗is␈α⊗one␈α⊗problem␈α∃I
                                          ␈↓ εh␈↓would like to solve before publishing it.
␈↓ ↓H␈↓Computer␈α_programs␈α→vary␈α_much␈α→more␈α_than
␈↓ ↓H␈↓people␈α≤in␈α≥the␈α≤extent␈α≥and␈α≤nature␈α≥of␈α≤the           ␈↓ εh␈↓␈↓αMcCarthy,␈α~John␈α~(1982)␈↓:␈α~"Common␈α→Business
␈↓ ↓H␈↓intentional␈α→properties␈α→that␈α→may␈α→be␈α→usefully    ␈↓ εh␈↓Communication␈αLanguage",␈αin␈α␈↓↓Textverarbeitung
␈↓ ↓H␈↓ascribed␈α∂to␈α∂them.␈α∂ This␈α∂paper␈α∂outlines␈α∞criteria ␈↓ εh␈↓↓und␈α∃B␈↓
:␈↓↓urosysteme␈↓,␈α∀Albert␈α∃Endres␈α∃and␈α∀J␈↓
:␈↓urgen
␈↓ ↓H␈↓for␈α≥ascribing␈α≥speci␈↓↓␈↓βC␈↓↓␈↓c␈α≥mental␈α≡qualities,␈α≥e.g    ␈↓ εh␈↓Reetz,␈α
eds.␈α
 R.␈α
Oldenbourg␈α
Verlag,␈αMunich␈α
and
␈↓ ↓H␈↓speci␈↓↓␈↓βC␈↓↓␈↓c␈αbeliefs␈αand␈αgoals,␈αto␈αcomputer␈αprograms ␈↓ εh␈↓Vienna 1982.
␈↓ ↓H␈↓and␈α⊃machines␈α⊃in␈α⊃general.␈α⊃ A␈α⊃popular␈α⊃version
␈↓ ↓H␈↓appeared␈α
in␈α∞␈↓↓Psychology␈α
Today␈↓,␈α∞December␈α
1983.   ␈↓ εh␈↓Since␈α/much␈α.o␈↓
␈↓β@␈↓
␈↓ice␈α/work␈α/consists␈α.in
␈↓ ↓H␈↓John␈α
Perry␈α
expressed␈α
interest␈α
in␈α∞including␈α
one  ␈↓ εh␈↓communicating␈α*with␈α+other␈α*organizations,
␈↓ ↓H␈↓or␈α≡the␈α∨other␈α≡in␈α≡his␈α∨forthcoming␈α≡␈↓↓Oxford          ␈↓ εh␈↓increasing␈α≥o␈↓
␈↓β@␈↓
␈↓ice␈α≥productivity␈α≥requires␈α≤that
␈↓ ↓H␈↓↓Readings in Philosophy␈↓ volume.            ␈↓ εh␈↓computers␈α⊂belonging␈α⊂to␈α⊂di␈↓
␈↓β@␈↓
␈↓erent␈α⊂organizations
                                          ␈↓ εh␈↓communicate␈α∂with␈α⊂one␈α∂another␈α⊂about␈α∂business
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓αMcCarthy,␈α⊂John␈α⊂(1979)␈↓:␈α⊂"First␈α⊂Order␈α∂Theories   ␈↓ εh␈↓matters.␈α∀ The␈α∪paradigm␈α∀case␈α∪involves␈α∀a␈α∪cost
␈↓ ↓H␈↓of␈α∪Individual␈α∩Concepts␈α∪and␈α∪Propositions",␈α∩in   ␈↓ εh␈↓analysis␈α⊃program␈α⊃getting␈α⊃bids␈α⊃for␈α⊃components
␈↓ ↓H␈↓Michie,␈α∀Donald␈α∃(ed.)␈α∀␈↓↓Machine␈α∃Intelligence␈α∀9␈↓,   ␈↓ εh␈↓from␈α~the␈α~computers␈α~belonging␈α~to␈α~potential
␈↓ ↓H␈↓(University of Edinburgh Press, Edinburgh).␈↓ εh␈↓suppliers.␈α≥ The␈α≡idea␈α≥started␈α≥as␈α≡a␈α≥simple
                                          ␈↓ εh␈↓proposal␈α∂for␈α∂standardization,␈α∂but␈α∂it␈α∂turned␈α∂up
␈↓ ↓H␈↓This␈αpaper␈αpresents␈αa␈αvariety␈αof␈αformalisms␈αfor  ␈↓ εh␈↓important␈α⊂unsolved␈α∂problems␈α⊂in␈α⊂the␈α∂semantics
␈↓ ↓H␈↓expressing␈α∪facts␈α∀about␈α∪knowledge␈α∀and␈α∪belief.   ␈↓ εh␈↓and␈α
pragmatics␈α∞of␈α
natural␈α
language.␈α∞ Indeed␈α
it
␈↓ ↓H␈↓What␈α∞was␈α
new␈α∞was␈α∞sticking␈α
to␈α∞␈↓↓␈↓βC␈↓↓␈↓rst␈α∞order␈α
logic     ␈↓ εh␈↓led␈α→to␈α~the␈α→conclusion␈α→that␈α~putting␈α→natural
␈↓ ↓H␈↓but␈αkeeping␈α
the␈αobjects␈α
of␈αbelief,␈α
etc.␈αas␈α
abstract␈↓ εh␈↓language␈αfront␈α
ends␈αon␈α
existing␈αprograms␈αis␈α
the
␈↓ ↓H␈↓objects␈α↔rather␈α↔than␈α↔making␈α_them␈α↔sentences.     ␈↓ εh␈↓wrong␈α∂problem.␈α∂ The␈α∂point␈α∂isn't␈α∂to␈α∂express␈α∂in
␈↓ ↓H␈↓With␈α⊂the␈α⊂aid␈α⊂of␈α⊂notions␈α⊂of␈α⊂standard␈α⊂concepts     ␈↓ εh␈↓natural␈α∩language␈α⊃what␈α∩we␈α⊃already␈α∩express␈α⊃in
␈↓ ↓H␈↓certain␈α~puzzling␈α→sentences␈α~discussed␈α~in␈α→the    ␈↓ εh␈↓some␈α~kind␈α→of␈α~computerese,␈α→but␈α~to␈α→express
␈↓ ↓H␈↓philosophical␈αliterature␈αcan␈αbe␈α
neatly␈αexpressed␈↓ εh␈↓formally␈α∞concepts,␈α
facts␈α∞and␈α
requests␈α∞that␈α
have
␈↓ ↓H␈↓in␈α⊗a␈α⊗form␈α⊗that␈α⊗permits␈α⊗derivation␈α↔of␈α⊗their       ␈↓ εh␈↓heretofore␈α↔only␈α⊗been␈α↔expressable␈α↔in␈α⊗natural
␈↓ ↓H␈↓consequences.␈α However,␈αthe␈αmotivation␈α
for␈αthe ␈↓ εh␈↓language.
␈↓ ↓H␈↓work is AI not philosophy.
                                          ␈↓ εh␈↓␈↓αGabriel,␈α≤Richard␈α≤P.␈α≤and␈α≤John␈α≠McCarthy
␈↓ ↓H␈↓α␈↓ εP␈↓ J2


␈↓ ↓H␈↓α(1984)␈↓:␈α↔"Queue-based␈α↔Multi-processing␈α⊗Lisp", ␈↓ εh␈↓␈↓αMcCarthy,␈α#John␈α#(1984)␈↓:␈α#"Applications␈α"of
␈↓ ↓H␈↓accepted␈α∂for␈α∂publication␈α∂in␈α∂the␈α∂proceedings␈α∂of  ␈↓ εh␈↓Circumscription␈α
to␈αFormalizing␈α
Common␈αSense
␈↓ ↓H␈↓the␈α1984␈α
Lisp␈αConference␈αto␈α
be␈αheld␈α
in␈αAustin     ␈↓ εh␈↓Knowledge".␈α This␈αis␈αhas␈αbeen␈αsubmitted␈αto␈αthe
␈↓ ↓H␈↓in August.                                ␈↓ εh␈↓1984␈α≡AAAI␈α≥conference␈α≡on␈α≥non-monotonic
                                          ␈↓ εh␈↓reasoning,␈α⊃which␈α⊃will␈α⊂not␈α⊃have␈α⊃a␈α⊂proceedings
␈↓ ↓H␈↓Getting␈α⊗greater␈α∃performance␈α⊗from␈α∃computers    ␈↓ εh␈↓and␈α→is␈α→being␈α→submitted␈α→for␈α~publication␈α→to
␈↓ ↓H␈↓requires␈αparallelism,␈αand␈αLISP␈αhas␈αtraditionally␈↓ εh␈↓␈↓↓Arti␈↓␈↓βS␈↓␈↓↓cial Intelligence␈↓.
␈↓ ↓H␈↓been␈α≤regarded␈α≤as␈α≤a␈α≤somewhat␈α≤recalcitrant
␈↓ ↓H␈↓language␈α∂from␈α∂this␈α∞point␈α∂of␈α∂view.␈α∂ The␈α∞paper     ␈↓ εh␈↓Abstract:␈α We␈α!present␈α a␈α new␈α!and␈α more
␈↓ ↓H␈↓contains␈α∞a␈α
few␈α∞constructs␈α∞to␈α
be␈α∞added␈α∞to␈α
LISP     ␈↓ εh␈↓symmetric␈α#version␈α#of␈α#the␈α"circumscription
␈↓ ↓H␈↓to␈α
make␈α
e␈↓α␈↓β@␈↓α␈↓icient␈α
use␈α
of␈α
parallel␈α
processors.␈α
 The␈↓ εh␈↓method␈αof␈α
non-monotonic␈αreasoning␈α
(McCarthy
␈↓ ↓H␈↓original␈α∪versions␈α∀of␈α∪the␈α∀ideas␈α∪are␈α∀mine,␈α∪but     ␈↓ εh␈↓1980)␈α↔and␈α_some␈α↔applications␈α_to␈α↔formalizing
␈↓ ↓H␈↓their␈α≤subsequent␈α≠development␈α≤and␈α≤all␈α≠the       ␈↓ εh␈↓common␈α
sense␈α∞knowledge.␈α
 The␈α∞applications␈α
in
␈↓ ↓H␈↓implementation work are my co-author's.   ␈↓ εh␈↓this␈α≥paper␈α≥are␈α≤based␈α≥on␈α≥minimizing␈α≤the
                                          ␈↓ εh␈↓abnormality␈α≤of␈α≤the␈α≠di␈↓↓␈↓β@␈↓↓␈↓erent␈α≤aspects␈α≤of␈α≠a
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓αMcCarthy,␈α
John␈α(1982)␈↓:␈α
␈↓↓Coloring␈αMaps␈α
and␈αthe    ␈↓ εh␈↓situation.␈α2 Included␈α2are␈α1non-monotonic
␈↓ ↓H␈↓↓Kowalski␈α⊂Doctrine␈↓,␈α⊂Report␈α⊂No.␈α∂STAN-CS-82-     ␈↓ εh␈↓treatments␈α_of␈α→⊗is-a␈α_hierarchies,␈α→the␈α_unique
␈↓ ↓H␈↓903,␈α∀Computer␈α∀Science␈α∀Department,␈α∀Stanford    ␈↓ εh␈↓names hypothesis, and the frame problem.
␈↓ ↓H␈↓University, Stanford, CA 94305.
                                          ␈↓ εh␈↓I␈α⊃mistakenly␈α⊃delayed␈α⊃submitting␈α∩this␈α⊃proposal
␈↓ ↓H␈↓Robert␈α≡Kowalski,␈α≡who,␈α≡along␈α≡with␈α≡Alain         ␈↓ εh␈↓until␈α∪this␈α∪paper␈α∩was␈α∪completed.␈α∪ Naturally␈α∩it
␈↓ ↓H␈↓Colmerauer,␈α originated␈α logic␈α programming,    ␈↓ εh␈↓took␈α!longer␈α than␈α!expected.␈α! However,␈α it
␈↓ ↓H␈↓expressed␈α∞the␈α∞doctrine␈α∞"Algorithm␈α∂equals␈α∞logic ␈↓ εh␈↓contains␈α&the␈α'current␈α&state␈α'of␈α&applying
␈↓ ↓H␈↓plus␈αcontrol".␈α Several␈αauthors␈α(including␈αKeith␈↓ εh␈↓circumscription␈α∃to␈α∃formalizing␈α∃common␈α∀sense
␈↓ ↓H␈↓Clark,␈α∂Luis␈α∞Pereira␈α∂and␈α∞Herv␈↓
`␈↓e␈α∂Gallaire),␈α∞most  ␈↓ εh␈↓knowledge and reasoning.
␈↓ ↓H␈↓prominently␈α0in␈α0connection␈α0with␈α/logic
␈↓ ↓H␈↓programming,␈α_have␈α_proposed␈α→formalisms␈α_in
␈↓ ↓H␈↓which␈α→logic␈α~and␈α→control␈α→can␈α~be␈α→expressed
␈↓ ↓H␈↓separately.␈α
 The␈α
advantage␈αis␈α
this.␈α
 The␈αlogic␈α
of␈↓ εh␈↓Proposed Research
␈↓ ↓H␈↓an␈α
algorithm␈α
can␈α
often␈α
be␈α
expressed␈α
in␈αa␈α
simple
␈↓ ↓H␈↓way␈αthat␈α
is␈αeasy␈αto␈α
understand␈αand␈αin␈α
terms␈αof     ␈↓ εh␈↓        As␈α∪the␈α∪submitted␈α∪papers␈α∪show,␈α∪I␈α∩have
␈↓ ↓H␈↓which,␈αthe␈αalgorithm␈αcan␈αbe␈αproved␈αto␈αgive␈αthe    ␈↓ εh␈↓been␈α⊂active␈α∂in␈α⊂a␈α∂variety␈α⊂of␈α∂␈↓↓␈↓βC␈↓↓␈↓elds␈α⊂of␈α∂computer
␈↓ ↓H␈↓desired␈α↔results.␈α↔ However,␈α↔e␈↓
␈↓β@␈↓
␈↓icient␈α⊗execution ␈↓ εh␈↓science␈αand␈αwill␈αcontinue␈αto␈αwork␈αon␈α
ideas␈αthat
␈↓ ↓H␈↓often␈αrequires␈αcomplicated␈αcontrol.␈α It␈αseemed␈α
to␈↓ εh␈↓occur to me.
␈↓ ↓H␈↓me␈α∪that␈α∪the␈α∪control␈α∪schemes␈α∪that␈α∪have␈α∩been
␈↓ ↓H␈↓proposed␈α
are␈α
very␈α
limited,␈α
and␈α
that␈α
the␈α
problem  ␈↓ εh␈↓        However,␈αthe␈α
main␈αlong␈α
term␈αgoal␈α
of␈αmy
␈↓ ↓H␈↓of␈α~coloring␈α→maps␈α~presents␈α~some␈α→interesting     ␈↓ εh␈↓research␈α_has␈α_always␈α→been␈α_to␈α_␈↓↓␈↓βC␈↓↓␈↓nd␈α→ways␈α_of
␈↓ ↓H␈↓problems␈αof␈αseparating␈αlogic␈αand␈αcontrol.␈α Both ␈↓ εh␈↓formalizing␈α≡common␈α≡sense␈α≡knowledge␈α≡and
␈↓ ↓H␈↓the␈α≤postponement␈α≠control␈α≤and␈α≤the␈α≠Kempe         ␈↓ εh␈↓reasoning␈α⊂ability␈α⊃so␈α⊂that␈α⊂a␈α⊃computer␈α⊂program
␈↓ ↓H␈↓control␈α→discussed␈α_in␈α→the␈α_article␈α→have␈α_more      ␈↓ εh␈↓can␈αhave␈αthe␈αcommon␈αsense␈αknowledge␈αand␈αthe
␈↓ ↓H␈↓general␈α≡applications.␈α≡ After␈α≡the␈α≥referenced   ␈↓ εh␈↓common␈α⊂sense␈α⊂ability␈α⊂to␈α⊂achieve␈α⊂the␈α⊂goals␈α⊂we
␈↓ ↓H␈↓report␈αwas␈αwritten,␈αfurther␈αwork␈αdone␈αduring␈αa   ␈↓ εh␈↓give it.
␈↓ ↓H␈↓visit␈α
to␈α
Kowalski␈αat␈α
Imperial␈α
College␈αresulted␈α
in
␈↓ ↓H␈↓a␈α↔notion␈α↔of␈α↔"introspective␈α↔programming"␈α↔in     ␈↓ εh␈↓        We␈α
distinguish␈α
common␈α
sense␈αknowledge
␈↓ ↓H␈↓which␈α⊃a␈α⊂Prolog␈α⊃program␈α⊂can␈α⊃look␈α⊂at␈α⊃its␈α⊂own        ␈↓ εh␈↓and␈α→common␈α→sense␈α→ability.␈α→ Common␈α_sense
␈↓ ↓H␈↓goal␈α⊃and␈α⊃search␈α⊃trees.␈α⊃ A␈α∩small␈α⊃"introspective  ␈↓ εh␈↓knowledge␈α_includes␈α_facts␈α_about␈α_how␈α_events
␈↓ ↓H␈↓Prolog␈α⊃interpreter"␈α⊂was␈α⊃implemented␈α⊃by␈α⊂Peter   ␈↓ εh␈↓occur␈αin␈α
time,␈αabout␈α
the␈αe␈↓↓␈↓β@␈↓↓␈↓ects␈α
of␈αactions␈αby␈α
the
␈↓ ↓H␈↓Szeredi␈αof␈αthe␈αHungarian␈αAcademy␈αof␈αSciences,   ␈↓ εh␈↓knower␈α∃and␈α⊗others,␈α∃facts␈α∃about␈α⊗the␈α∃relation
␈↓ ↓H␈↓and␈α*publication␈α*of␈α*the␈α*paper␈α*awaits            ␈↓ εh␈↓between␈α∂phenomena␈α∂in␈α∂the␈α∂world␈α∂and␈α⊂what␈α∂a
␈↓ ↓H␈↓incorporation␈α∂of␈α∂the␈α∂idea␈α∂of␈α∂introspection␈α∂and  ␈↓ εh␈↓person␈αor␈αprogram␈α
with␈αsensory␈αcapabilities␈α
can
␈↓ ↓H␈↓reference to Szeredi's (unpublished) work.
␈↓ ↓H␈↓α␈↓ εP␈↓ J3


␈↓ ↓H␈↓learn␈α
about␈α
it,␈α
facts␈α
about␈α
physical␈α
objects␈αand ␈↓ εh␈↓        For␈α⊂a␈α⊂long␈α⊃time,␈α⊂the␈α⊂lack␈α⊃of␈α⊂formalized
␈↓ ↓H␈↓how␈α≠they␈α≤are␈α≠perceived,␈α≠and␈α≤about␈α≠their         ␈↓ εh␈↓non-monotonic␈α≤reasoning␈α≠has␈α≤impeded␈α≠the
␈↓ ↓H␈↓properties␈α⊃and␈α⊃their␈α⊃relations␈α⊃to␈α∩one␈α⊃another.  ␈↓ εh␈↓formal␈α∞expression␈α∞of␈α∞common␈α∂sense␈α∞knowledge
␈↓ ↓H␈↓An␈αexample␈αis␈αthe␈αfact␈αthat␈αeggs␈αcontain␈αa␈αyolk    ␈↓ εh␈↓and␈α⊂writing␈α⊃programs␈α⊂that␈α⊂carry␈α⊃out␈α⊂common
␈↓ ↓H␈↓and␈α∂a␈α∂white␈α∂and␈α∞a␈α∂shell,␈α∂how␈α∂to␈α∂recognize␈α∞an       ␈↓ εh␈↓sense␈α≥reasoning.␈α≤ This␈α≥situation␈α≥has␈α≤been
␈↓ ↓H␈↓egg,␈α⊂the␈α⊂e␈↓↓␈↓β@␈↓↓␈↓ects␈α⊂of␈α⊂hard␈α⊂boiling␈α⊂them␈α⊂and␈α⊂the      ␈↓ εh␈↓somewhat␈α*relieved␈α*by␈α*the␈α+advent␈α*of
␈↓ ↓H␈↓e␈↓↓␈↓β@␈↓↓␈↓ects␈α
of␈α
dropping␈α
them.␈α
 Common␈α
sense␈α
ability  ␈↓ εh␈↓circumscription␈α&and␈α'other␈α&non-monotonic
␈↓ ↓H␈↓involves␈α⊃the␈α⊃use␈α⊃of␈α⊃common␈α∩sense␈α⊃knowledge      ␈↓ εh␈↓reasoning␈α1systems.␈α1 In␈α2particular␈α1the
␈↓ ↓H␈↓and␈α∀the␈α∀observation␈α∀of␈α∀the␈α∀world␈α∃to␈α∀decide       ␈↓ εh␈↓circumscription␈α"formulation␈α!of␈α"the␈α!frame
␈↓ ↓H␈↓what␈α≠to␈α≠do␈α≠to␈α≠achieve␈α≠one's␈α≠goals.␈α~ The          ␈↓ εh␈↓problem␈αof␈α(McCarthy␈α1984)␈αseems␈αto␈αme␈αto␈αbe
␈↓ ↓H␈↓"common"␈α
in␈α
"common␈α
sense"␈α
refers␈α
to␈α∞the␈α
fact    ␈↓ εh␈↓satisfactory.
␈↓ ↓H␈↓that␈α∀a␈α∀large␈α∀amount␈α∀of␈α∀this␈α∃knowledge␈α∀and
␈↓ ↓H␈↓ability␈αis␈αcommon␈α
to␈αall␈αhumans.␈α Not␈α
much␈αof     ␈↓ εh␈↓        Therefore,␈α∞it␈α∞seems␈α∞to␈α∞be␈α∞time␈α∂to␈α∞extend
␈↓ ↓H␈↓it␈α⊃is␈α⊃understood␈α⊃well␈α⊃enough␈α⊃to␈α⊃include␈α∩it␈α⊃in     ␈↓ εh␈↓the␈α⊂formalization␈α⊂of␈α⊂common␈α⊂sense␈α∂knowledge
␈↓ ↓H␈↓computer programs.                        ␈↓ εh␈↓to␈α
some␈α
new␈α
domains.␈α
 I␈α
have␈α
the␈α
following␈αin
                                          ␈↓ εh␈↓mind,␈αbut␈αthe␈αsubject␈αis␈αnow␈α
exciting␈αincreased
␈↓ ↓H␈↓        Expressing␈α⊃common␈α⊃sense␈α∩knowledge␈α⊃in  ␈↓ εh␈↓interest␈α∞among␈α
graduate␈α∞students,␈α
so␈α∞it␈α∞may␈α
be
␈↓ ↓H␈↓languages␈α→of␈α→mathematical␈α→logic␈α→and␈α_using      ␈↓ εh␈↓possible to do more.
␈↓ ↓H␈↓controlled␈αdeduction␈αas␈αa␈αway␈αof␈αdeciding␈αwhat
␈↓ ↓H␈↓to␈α⊃do␈α⊂was␈α⊃␈↓↓␈↓βC␈↓↓␈↓rst␈α⊂proposed␈α⊃in␈α⊃(McCarthy␈α⊂1960).      ␈↓ εh␈↓        1.␈α→The␈α_blocks␈α→world␈α→with␈α_incomplete
␈↓ ↓H␈↓This␈α∪proved␈α∪very␈α∪di␈↓↓␈↓β@␈↓↓␈↓icult␈α∪and␈α∀progress␈α∪was      ␈↓ εh␈↓expression␈α∨of␈α≡the␈α∨results␈α≡of␈α∨action.␈α≡ All
␈↓ ↓H␈↓slow.␈α∞ Many␈α∂people␈α∞gave␈α∞up␈α∂on␈α∞using␈α∂logic␈α∞in      ␈↓ εh␈↓formalizations␈α
of␈α
the␈α
blocks␈α
world␈α
that␈α∞I␈α
know
␈↓ ↓H␈↓AI␈α∞and␈α∂proposed␈α∞other␈α∂formalisms,␈α∞but␈α∂in␈α∞the     ␈↓ εh␈↓about,␈α_including␈α_those␈α_in␈α_the␈α_literature␈α↔on
␈↓ ↓H␈↓main␈αthey␈αproved␈αto␈α
be␈αequivalent␈αto␈αsubsets␈α
of   ␈↓ εh␈↓planning,␈α
use␈α
complete␈α
rules.␈α
 Namely,␈α
the␈α
result
␈↓ ↓H␈↓logical␈α
languages,␈α
and␈αmuch␈α
attention␈α
in␈αAI␈α
has  ␈↓ εh␈↓of␈α→an␈α~action␈α→is␈α→fully␈α~described.␈α→ However,
␈↓ ↓H␈↓returned to logic.                        ␈↓ εh␈↓common␈α
sense␈α
knowledge␈αof␈α
the␈α
e␈↓↓␈↓β@␈↓↓␈↓ects␈αof␈α
action
                                          ␈↓ εh␈↓is␈α→often␈α_incomplete␈α→in␈α_many␈α→respects.␈α_ For
␈↓ ↓H␈↓        A␈α⊃major␈α∩advance␈α⊃in␈α∩the␈α⊃use␈α∩of␈α⊃logical    ␈↓ εh␈↓example,␈αwe␈αknow␈αthat␈αwhen␈αblock␈αA␈αis␈αplaced
␈↓ ↓H␈↓languages␈α
for␈α
AI␈α∞was␈α
the␈α
notion␈α∞of␈α
formalized    ␈↓ εh␈↓on␈α⊃block␈α⊂B,␈α⊃A␈α⊂will␈α⊃be␈α⊂on␈α⊃B␈α⊂in␈α⊃the␈α⊂resulting
␈↓ ↓H␈↓non-monotonic␈α∪reasoning␈α∪which␈α∪arose␈α∪in␈α∩the     ␈↓ εh␈↓situation,␈α∞but␈α∂neither␈α∞our␈α∞verbal␈α∂expression␈α∞of
␈↓ ↓H␈↓middle␈α#1970s.␈α# My␈α#proposal␈α$was␈α#called          ␈↓ εh␈↓such␈α"rules␈α"nor␈α"our␈α#informal␈α"knowledge
␈↓ ↓H␈↓circumscription␈α;(McCarthy␈α<1980).␈α; A          ␈↓ εh␈↓formulates␈α→where␈α~on␈α→B,␈α~block␈α→A␈α~will␈α→be.
␈↓ ↓H␈↓preliminary␈α∩version␈α∪under␈α∩the␈α∪name␈α∩␈↓↓minimal     ␈↓ εh␈↓Rather␈α⊂than␈α∂devise␈α⊂a␈α∂language␈α⊂for␈α∂expressing
␈↓ ↓H␈↓↓inference␈↓ was included in (McCarthy 1977).␈↓ εh␈↓the␈αprecise␈αlocation␈αof␈αone␈αblock␈αon␈αanother␈αwe
                                          ␈↓ εh␈↓need␈αto␈αformalize␈αthe␈αcommon␈α
sense␈αknowledge
␈↓ ↓H␈↓        The␈α↔idea␈α⊗of␈α↔non-monotonic␈α⊗reasoning   ␈↓ εh␈↓about␈α∞this␈α∞that␈α∞people␈α∞and␈α∞robots␈α∞with␈α
similar
␈↓ ↓H␈↓and␈α0the␈α0circumscription␈α1approach␈α0to           ␈↓ εh␈↓opportunities to observe can actually have.
␈↓ ↓H␈↓formalizing␈α
it␈α
seem␈α
to␈α
have␈α∞wider␈α
applicability
␈↓ ↓H␈↓than␈α∩was␈α∩previously␈α⊃envisioned.␈α∩ We␈α∩plan␈α⊃to     ␈↓ εh␈↓        2.␈αA␈αproblem␈αin␈αwhich␈αa␈αperson␈αachieves
␈↓ ↓H␈↓continue␈α(our␈α'previous␈α(investigations␈α'of       ␈↓ εh␈↓a␈α↔goal␈α⊗by␈α↔asking␈α⊗another␈α↔person␈α↔for␈α⊗help,
␈↓ ↓H␈↓formalizing␈α→common␈α→sense␈α→knowledge␈α→using      ␈↓ εh␈↓knowing␈α⊂that␈α⊃the␈α⊂other␈α⊃person␈α⊂is␈α⊃willing␈α⊂and
␈↓ ↓H␈↓circumscription␈α
as␈αa␈α
tool.␈α However,␈α
there␈αseem ␈↓ εh␈↓can␈αhelp␈αin␈αthe␈αmanner␈αdesired.␈α This␈αexample
␈↓ ↓H␈↓to␈α
be␈α
many␈α
new␈α
applications␈α
in␈α
AI␈α
but␈α
also␈αin      ␈↓ εh␈↓admits␈α∪many␈α∪non-monotonic␈α∪shortcuts,␈α∩which
␈↓ ↓H␈↓databases,␈αprogramming␈αlanguages␈αand␈αeven␈αin   ␈↓ εh␈↓are␈αoften␈αimportant␈α
in␈αpractice.␈α For␈αexample,␈α
it
␈↓ ↓H␈↓analytic␈αphilosophy.␈α Our␈αchief␈αobjective␈αin␈αthe␈↓ εh␈↓can␈α∞be␈α∞taken␈α∞as␈α
standard␈α∞that␈α∞a␈α∞person␈α
knows
␈↓ ↓H␈↓next␈α⊂three␈α⊂years␈α⊂will␈α⊂be␈α⊂to␈α⊂explore␈α⊂these␈α⊂new     ␈↓ εh␈↓what␈α he␈α can␈α!do.␈α  The␈α contrary␈α!is␈α an
␈↓ ↓H␈↓possibilities.  Here are some of them.    ␈↓ εh␈↓abnormality.␈α→ We␈α→propose␈α→to␈α→formalize␈α→the
                                          ␈↓ εh␈↓common␈α∪sense␈α∀knowledge␈α∪of␈α∪how␈α∀to␈α∪achieve
␈↓ ↓H␈↓Formalization of common sense             ␈↓ εh␈↓goals␈α∀that␈α∀require␈α∀the␈α∀co-operation␈α∀of␈α∀other
                                          ␈↓ εh␈↓agents.
␈↓ ↓H␈↓α␈↓ εP␈↓ G4


␈↓ ↓H␈↓        3.␈α≠Perhaps␈α≠the␈α≠most␈α≠obvious␈α≠almost     ␈↓ εh␈↓a␈α∂second␈α∂order␈α∂formula?␈α∂ It␈α∂can␈α∂be␈α∂done␈α∞with
␈↓ ↓H␈↓untouched␈α%problem␈α%for␈α%formalization␈α$of        ␈↓ εh␈↓circumscription␈α∀provided␈α∀that␈α∀names␈α∀are␈α∪the
␈↓ ↓H␈↓common␈α∩sense␈α∩knowledge␈α∩concerns␈α∩concurrent    ␈↓ εh␈↓only␈α_objects␈α_in␈α_the␈α_theory,␈α_but␈α_this␈α↔seems
␈↓ ↓H␈↓processes.␈α_ The␈α↔formalizations␈α_of␈α↔concurrent  ␈↓ εh␈↓undesirable.␈α_ There␈α↔seems␈α_to␈α↔be␈α_a␈α↔relation
␈↓ ↓H␈↓processes␈αused␈αin␈αstudying␈α
parallel␈αcomputation␈↓ εh␈↓between␈αthis␈α
problem␈αand␈α
the␈αnotion␈α
of␈αa␈α
␈↓↓␈↓βC␈↓↓␈↓gure
␈↓ ↓H␈↓are␈α_mostly␈α→irrelevant,␈α_because␈α→they␈α_concern    ␈↓ εh␈↓being in general position.
␈↓ ↓H␈↓processes␈α
which␈α
the␈αtheorist␈α
has␈α
the␈αprivilege␈α
of
␈↓ ↓H␈↓designing.␈α⊗ The␈α⊗designs␈α⊗make␈α⊗much␈α↔of␈α⊗the        ␈↓ εh␈↓        3.␈αIn␈α
many␈αcases␈αcircumscription␈α
formulas
␈↓ ↓H␈↓problem␈α∀of␈α∪synchronization,␈α∀but␈α∪this␈α∀is␈α∪little  ␈↓ εh␈↓"compile"␈αrather␈α
directly␈αinto␈α
executable␈αProlog
␈↓ ↓H␈↓considered␈α⊂in␈α⊂common␈α⊂sense␈α⊃reasoning.␈α⊂ Thus    ␈↓ εh␈↓programs.␈α It␈αis␈αimportant␈αto␈αknow␈αwhen␈αthis␈αis
␈↓ ↓H␈↓when␈αcontemplating␈αwalking␈αdown␈αa␈αcorridor␈αa    ␈↓ εh␈↓the␈α→case␈α→and␈α→when␈α→the␈α→implementation␈α→of
␈↓ ↓H␈↓person␈α∞doesn't␈α∞plan␈α∞in␈α∞advance␈α∞how␈α∞he␈α∂and␈α∞a       ␈↓ εh␈↓circumscription requires di␈↓↓␈↓β@␈↓↓␈↓erent mechanisms.
␈↓ ↓H␈↓person␈α→going␈α→the␈α→other␈α→way␈α→are␈α→to␈α_avoid
␈↓ ↓H␈↓permanently blocking each other.          ␈↓ εh␈↓        4.␈α→In␈α→what␈α→cases␈α→is␈α→the␈α~question␈α→of
                                          ␈↓ εh␈↓whether␈α#a␈α$sentence␈α#is␈α#implied␈α$by␈α#the
␈↓ ↓H␈↓        4.␈α∂We␈α∂propose␈α∂to␈α∂continue␈α⊂our␈α∂previous  ␈↓ εh␈↓circumscription␈α
of␈α
a␈α
set␈α
of␈α∞sentences␈α
decidable?
␈↓ ↓H␈↓work␈α⊂in␈α∂formalizing␈α⊂knowledge␈α⊂about␈α∂people's   ␈↓ εh␈↓It␈αis␈αtrue␈αin␈αthe␈αpropositional␈αcase␈αand␈αwhen␈α
all
␈↓ ↓H␈↓knowledge.␈α∂ Some␈α∂of␈α∂it␈α∂is␈α∂in␈α⊂(McCarthy,␈α∂Sato,    ␈↓ εh␈↓the␈α~predicates␈α→are␈α~monadic.␈α~ This␈α→suggests
␈↓ ↓H␈↓Igarashi␈α∪and␈α∪Hayashi␈α∀1977),␈α∪but␈α∪most␈α∀of␈α∪it,      ␈↓ εh␈↓exploring␈α
analogs␈α
of␈α
the␈α
decidable␈α
cases␈α
of␈αthe
␈↓ ↓H␈↓some␈α⊃quite␈α⊃old,␈α⊂is␈α⊃still␈α⊃unpublished.␈α⊂ Recently ␈↓ εh␈↓␈↓↓␈↓βC␈↓↓␈↓rst␈α
order␈αlogic␈α
decision␈α
problem.␈α However,␈α
the
␈↓ ↓H␈↓Ron␈αFagin,␈αJoe␈αHalpern,␈αMoshe␈αVardi␈αof␈αIBM       ␈↓ εh␈↓propositional␈αcase␈αalready␈αcorresponds␈αto␈αa␈αtree
␈↓ ↓H␈↓San␈α
Jose␈α
and␈α
Yoram␈αMoses␈α
of␈α
my␈α
group␈αhave         ␈↓ εh␈↓of␈α"propositional␈α"satisfaction␈α#problems,␈α"so
␈↓ ↓H␈↓begun␈α∃new␈α∀work␈α∃in␈α∀the␈α∃subject␈α∃that␈α∀makes         ␈↓ εh␈↓circumscriptive␈α≥inferability␈α≥is␈α≥likely␈α≥to␈α≤be
␈↓ ↓H␈↓further pursuit of my old ideas more promising.␈↓ εh␈↓harder than ordinary deducibility.

                                          ␈↓ εh␈↓α␈↓ πuOrganization of the work 
␈↓ ↓H␈↓Mathematical␈α$problems␈α%of␈α$non-monotonic
␈↓ ↓H␈↓reasoning                                 ␈↓ εh␈↓        The␈α work␈α will␈α be␈α done␈α by␈α John
                                          ␈↓ εh␈↓McCarthy␈α→and␈α_interested␈α→graduate␈α_students.
␈↓ ↓H␈↓        Circumscription␈α⊂presents␈α⊂many␈α∂problems␈↓ εh␈↓Graduate␈α∪students␈α∪help␈α∪with␈α∩implementations
␈↓ ↓H␈↓of␈αa␈αmathematical␈αlogical␈αnature␈αwhose␈αsolution ␈↓ εh␈↓and␈α$pursue␈α$thesis␈α$research␈α%in␈α$arti␈↓↓␈↓βC␈↓↓␈↓cial
␈↓ ↓H␈↓will␈α∩be␈α∪important␈α∩for␈α∩applications.␈α∪ Here␈α∩are   ␈↓ εh␈↓intelligence␈α→(concentrating␈α→on␈α→epistemological
␈↓ ↓H␈↓some␈α
on␈α
which␈α
I␈α
propose␈α
to␈α
work.␈α
 An␈α
invited      ␈↓ εh␈↓problems)␈α≥and␈α≥in␈α≥mathematical␈α≥theory␈α≥of
␈↓ ↓H␈↓address␈α∀to␈α∀a␈α∪meeting␈α∀of␈α∀the␈α∀Association␈α∪for      ␈↓ εh␈↓computation.␈α⊂ The␈α∂group␈α⊂shares␈α⊂interests␈α∂with
␈↓ ↓H␈↓Symbolic␈α⊃Logic␈α⊃in␈α⊂January␈α⊃1985␈α⊃will␈α⊂provide     ␈↓ εh␈↓the␈α6separately␈α6supported␈α6groups␈α6in
␈↓ ↓H␈↓an␈α∀opportunity␈α∀to␈α∀present␈α∀a␈α∀few␈α∃results␈α∀but      ␈↓ εh␈↓mathematical␈α#theory␈α"of␈α#computation␈α"and
␈↓ ↓H␈↓mostly␈α∩to␈α⊃attract␈α∩the␈α⊃attention␈α∩of␈α⊃professional ␈↓ εh␈↓theorem proving.
␈↓ ↓H␈↓mathematical␈α∪logicians␈α∩to␈α∪this␈α∪important␈α∩new
␈↓ ↓H␈↓domain.                                   ␈↓ εh␈↓α␈↓ λcFacilities 

␈↓ ↓H␈↓        1.␈α∂When␈α∞is␈α∂the␈α∞second␈α∂order␈α∂formula␈α∞of   ␈↓ εh␈↓        The␈α
project␈α
will␈α∞be␈α
part␈α
of␈α∞the␈α
Stanford
␈↓ ↓H␈↓circumscription␈α≠equivalent␈α≤to␈α≠a␈α≤␈↓↓␈↓βC␈↓↓␈↓rst␈α≠order     ␈↓ εh␈↓University␈α⊃Computer␈α⊂Science␈α⊃Department␈α⊂and
␈↓ ↓H␈↓formula?␈α∩ This␈α⊃is␈α∩true␈α⊃of␈α∩all␈α⊃but␈α∩one␈α∩of␈α⊃the       ␈↓ εh␈↓will use its computer facilities.
␈↓ ↓H␈↓examples␈α
of␈α
(McCarthy␈α
1980),␈α
and␈α
some␈α
general
␈↓ ↓H␈↓partial␈α∂results␈α∂have␈α∂been␈α∂obtained␈α∂by␈α⊂me␈α∂and     ␈↓ εh␈↓α␈↓ λ←Personnel 
␈↓ ↓H␈↓by␈α↔Vladimir␈α⊗Lifschitz␈α↔of␈α⊗the␈α↔University␈α⊗of
␈↓ ↓H␈↓Texas at El Paso.                         ␈↓ εh␈↓α␈↓ πYBiography of John McCarthy 

␈↓ ↓H␈↓        2.␈α↔Can␈α↔Reiter's␈α↔(1980)␈α↔"unique␈α↔names   ␈↓ εh␈↓BORN:  September 4, 1927 in Boston,
␈↓ ↓H␈↓hypothesis"␈α
be␈α
expressed␈α
non-monotonically␈α
by ␈↓ εh␈↓␈↓ π(Massachusetts
␈↓ ↓H␈↓α␈↓ εP␈↓ I5


␈↓ ↓H␈↓EDUCATION:                                ␈↓ εh␈↓SELECTED PUBLICATIONS:
␈↓ ↓H␈↓B.S.  (Mathematics) California Institute of␈↓ εh␈↓[1]  "Towards a Mathematical Theory of
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ αλTechnology, 1948.                         ␈↓ εh␈↓␈↓ π(Computation", in ␈↓↓Proc. IFIP Congress 62␈↓,
␈↓ ↓H␈↓Ph.D. (Mathematics) Princeton University, ␈↓ εh␈↓␈↓ π(North-Holland, Amsterdam, 1963.
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ αλ1951.                                     ␈↓ εh␈↓[2]  "A Basis for a Mathematical Theory of
                                          ␈↓ εh␈↓␈↓ π(Computation", in P. Bra␈↓↓␈↓β@␈↓↓␈↓ort and D.
␈↓ ↓H␈↓HONORS AND SOCIETIES:                     ␈↓ εh␈↓␈↓ π(Hershberg (eds.), ␈↓↓Computer Programming
␈↓ ↓H␈↓American Mathematical Society,            ␈↓ εh␈↓↓␈↓ π(and Formal Systems␈↓, North-Holland,
␈↓ ↓H␈↓Association for Computing Machinery,      ␈↓ εh␈↓␈↓ π(Amsterdam, 1963.
␈↓ ↓H␈↓Sigma Xi,                                 ␈↓ εh␈↓[3]  (with S. Boilen, E. Fredkin, J.C.R.
␈↓ ↓H␈↓Sloan Fellow in Physical Science (1957-59),␈↓ εh␈↓␈↓ π(Licklider) "A Time-Sharing Debugging
␈↓ ↓H␈↓ACM National Lecturer (1961),             ␈↓ εh␈↓␈↓ π(System for a Small Computer", ␈↓↓Proc.
␈↓ ↓H␈↓Sigma Xi National Lecturer (1978),        ␈↓ εh␈↓↓␈↓ π(AFIPS Conf.␈↓ (SJCC), Vol. 23, 1963.
␈↓ ↓H␈↓American Association for Arti␈↓↓␈↓βC␈↓↓␈↓cial Intelligence␈↓ εh␈↓[4]  (with F. Corbato, M. Daggett) "The
␈↓ ↓H␈↓IEEE,                                     ␈↓ εh␈↓␈↓ π(Linking Segment Subprogram Language
␈↓ ↓H␈↓A.M. Turing Award from Association for    ␈↓ εh␈↓␈↓ π(and Linking Loader Programming
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ αλComputing Machinery (1971).               ␈↓ εh␈↓␈↓ π(Languages", ␈↓↓Comm. ACM␈↓, July 1963.
␈↓ ↓H␈↓President, American Association for Arti␈↓↓␈↓βC␈↓↓␈↓cial␈↓ εh␈↓[5]  "Problems in the Theory of Computation",
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ αλIntelligence (1983-84).                   ␈↓ εh␈↓␈↓ π(␈↓↓Proc. IFIP Congress 1965␈↓.
                                          ␈↓ εh␈↓[6]  "Time-Sharing Computer Systems", in W.
␈↓ ↓H␈↓PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE:                  ␈↓ εh␈↓␈↓ π(Orr (ed.), ␈↓↓Conversational Computers␈↓, Wiley,
␈↓ ↓H␈↓Proctor Fellow, Princeton University (1950-51),␈↓ εh␈↓␈↓ π(1966.
␈↓ ↓H␈↓Higgins Research Instructor in Mathematics,␈↓ εh␈↓[7]  "A Formal Description of a Subset of
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ αλPrinceton University (1951-53),           ␈↓ εh␈↓␈↓ π(Algol", in T.  Steele (ed.), ␈↓↓Formal
␈↓ ↓H␈↓Acting Assistant Professor of Mathematics,␈↓ εh␈↓↓␈↓ π(Language Description Languages for
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ αλStanford University (1953-55),            ␈↓ εh␈↓↓␈↓ π(Computer Programming␈↓, North-Holland,
␈↓ ↓H␈↓Assistant Professor of Mathematics, Dartmouth␈↓ εh␈↓␈↓ π(Amsterdam, 1966.
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ αλCollege (1955-58),                        ␈↓ εh␈↓[8]  "Information", ␈↓↓Scienti␈↓␈↓βS␈↓␈↓↓c American␈↓,
␈↓ ↓H␈↓Assistant Professor of Communication Science,␈↓ εh␈↓␈↓ π(September 1966.
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ αλM.I.T. (1958-61),                         ␈↓ εh␈↓[9]  "Computer Control of a Hand and Eye", in
␈↓ ↓H␈↓Associate Professor of Communication Science,␈↓ εh␈↓␈↓ π(␈↓↓Proc.  Third All-Union Conference on
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ αλM.I.T. (1961-62),                         ␈↓ εh␈↓↓␈↓ π(Automatic Control (Technical Cybernetics)␈↓,
␈↓ ↓H␈↓Professor of Computer Science Stanford    ␈↓ εh␈↓␈αG(Nauka, Moscow, 1967 (Russian).
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ αλUniversity (1962 - present).              ␈↓ εh␈↓[10]  (with D. Brian, G. Feldman, and J. Allen)
                                          ␈↓ εh␈↓␈↓ π("THOR ␈↓↓␈↓βE␈↓↓␈↓ A Display Based Time-
␈↓ ↓H␈↓PROFESSIONAL RESPONSIBILITIES             ␈↓ εh␈↓␈↓ π(Sharing System", ␈↓↓Proc. AFIPS Conf.␈↓
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ αλAND SCIENTIFIC INTERESTS:                 ␈↓ εh␈↓␈↓ π((FJCC), Vol.  30, Thompson, Washington,
␈↓ ↓H␈↓With Marvin Minsky organized and directed ␈↓ εh␈↓␈↓ π(D.C., 1967.
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ αλthe Arti␈↓↓␈↓βC␈↓↓␈↓cial Intelligence Project at M.I.T.␈↓ εh␈↓[11]  (with James Painter) "Correctness of a
␈↓ ↓H␈↓Organized and directed Stanford Arti␈↓↓␈↓βC␈↓↓␈↓cial ␈↓ εh␈↓␈↓ π(Compiler for Arithmetic Expressions",
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ αλIntelligence Laboratory.                  ␈↓ εh␈↓␈↓ π(Amer. Math. Soc., ␈↓↓Proc. Symposia in
␈↓ ↓H␈↓Originated the LISP programming system for␈↓ εh␈↓↓␈↓ π(Applied Math., Math. Aspects of
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ αλcomputing with symbolic expressions,      ␈↓ εh␈↓↓␈↓ π(Computer Science␈↓, New York, 1967.
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ αλparticipated in the development of the    ␈↓ εh␈↓[12]  "Programs with Common Sense", in
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ αλALGOL 58 and the ALGOL 60                 ␈↓ εh␈↓␈↓ π(Marvin Minsky (ed.), ␈↓↓Semantic Information
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ αλlanguages.                                ␈↓ εh␈↓↓␈↓ π(Processing␈↓, MIT Press, Cambridge, 1968.
␈↓ ↓H␈↓Present scienti␈↓↓␈↓βC␈↓↓␈↓c work is in the ␈↓↓␈↓βC␈↓↓␈↓elds of ␈↓ εh␈↓[13]  (with Lester Earnest, D. Raj. Reddy,
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ αλArti␈↓↓␈↓βC␈↓↓␈↓cial Intelligence, Computation with  ␈↓ εh␈↓␈↓ π(Pierre Vicens) "A Computer with Hands,
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ αλSymbolic Expressions, Mathematical        ␈↓ εh␈↓␈↓ π(Eyes, and Ears", ␈↓↓Proc. AFIPS Conf.␈↓
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ αλTheory of Computation, Time-Sharing       ␈↓ εh␈↓␈↓ π((FJCC), 1968.
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ αλcomputer systems.
␈↓ ↓H␈↓α␈↓ εP␈↓ I6


␈↓ ↓H␈↓[14]  (with Patrick Hayes) "Some Philosophical␈↓ εh␈↓␈↓ π((with M. Sato, S. Igarashi, and T.
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ αλProblems from the Standpoint of Arti␈↓↓␈↓βC␈↓↓␈↓cial ␈↓ εh␈↓␈↓ π(Hayashi), ␈↓↓Proceedings of the Fifth
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ αλIntelligence", in Donald Michie (ed.),    ␈↓ εh␈↓↓␈↓ π(International Joint Conference on Arti␈↓␈↓βS␈↓␈↓↓cial
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ αλ␈↓↓Machine Intelligence 4␈↓, American Elsevier,␈↓ εh␈↓↓␈↓ π(Intelligence␈↓, M.I.T, Cambridge, 1977.
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ αλNew York, 1969.                           ␈↓ εh␈↓[25]  "Another SAMEFRINGE", in SIGART
␈↓ ↓H␈↓[15]  "The Home Information Terminal", ␈↓↓Man␈↓ εh␈↓␈↓ π(Newsletter No. 61, February 1977.
␈↓ ↓H␈↓↓␈↓ αλand Computer, Proc. Int. Conf.,           ␈↓ εh␈↓[26]  "Ascribing Mental Qualities to Machines"
␈↓ ↓H␈↓↓␈↓ αλBordeaux, 1970␈↓, S. Karger, New York,      ␈↓ εh␈↓␈↓ π(to appear in ␈↓↓Essays in Philosophy and
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ αλ1972.                                     ␈↓ εh␈↓↓␈↓ π(Computer Technology␈↓, National Symposium
␈↓ ↓H␈↓[16]  "Mechanical Servants for Mankind," in␈↓ εh␈↓␈↓ π(for Philosophy and Computer Technology,
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ αλ␈↓↓Britannica Yearbook of Science and the    ␈↓ εh␈↓␈↓ π(New York, 1977.
␈↓ ↓H␈↓↓␈↓ αλFuture␈↓, 1973.                             ␈↓ εh␈↓[27]  "Epistemological Problems of Arti␈↓↓␈↓βC␈↓↓␈↓cial
␈↓ ↓H␈↓[17]  Book Review: "Arti␈↓↓␈↓βC␈↓↓␈↓cial Intelligence: A␈↓ εh␈↓␈↓ π(Intelligence", ␈↓↓Proceedings of the Fifth
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ αλGeneral Survey" by Sir James Lighthill, in␈↓ εh␈↓↓␈↓ π(International Joint Conference on Arti␈↓␈↓βS␈↓␈↓↓cial
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ αλ␈↓↓Arti␈↓␈↓βS␈↓␈↓↓cial Intelligence, Vol. 5, No. 3␈↓, Fall␈↓ εh␈↓↓␈↓ π(Intelligence␈↓, M.I.T., Cambridge, 1977.
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ αλ1974.                                     ␈↓ εh␈↓(Additional McCarthy papers are listed in the
␈↓ ↓H␈↓[18]  "Modeling Our Minds" in ␈↓↓Science Year␈↓ εh␈↓␈↓ π(references at the end of this proposal).
␈↓ ↓H␈↓↓␈↓ αλ1975␈↓, The World Book Science Annual,
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ αλField Enterprises Educational Corporation,
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ αλChicago, 1974.
␈↓ ↓H␈↓[19]  "The Home Information Terminal,"
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ αλinvited presentation, AAAS Annual
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ αλMeeting, Feb. 18-24, 1976, Boston.
␈↓ ↓H␈↓[20]  "An Unreasonable Book," a review of
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ αλ␈↓↓Computer Power and Human Reason␈↓, by
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ αλJoseph Weizenbaum (W.H. Freeman and
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ αλCo., San Francisco, 1976) in SIGART
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ αλNewsletter
␈↓ ↓H␈↓158, June 1976, also in ␈↓↓Creative Computing␈↓,
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ αλChestnut Hill, Massachusetts, 1976 and in
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ αλ"Three Reviews of J. Weizenbaum's
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ αλ␈↓↓Computer Power and Human Reason␈↓, (with
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ αλB. Buchanan and J. Lederberg), Stanford
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ αλArti␈↓↓␈↓βC␈↓↓␈↓cial Intelligence Laboratory Memo
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ αλ291, Computer Science Department,
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ αλStanford, November 1976.
␈↓ ↓H␈↓[21]  Review: ␈↓↓Computer Power and Human
␈↓ ↓H␈↓↓␈↓ αλReason␈↓, by Joseph Weizenbaum (W.H.
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ αλFreeman and Co., San Francisco, 1976) in
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ αλPhysics Today, 1977.
␈↓ ↓H␈↓[22]  "The Home Information Terminal" to
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ αλappear in The Grolier Encyclopedia, 1977,
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ αλalso to appear in ␈↓↓The International
␈↓ ↓H␈↓↓␈↓ αλYearBook and Statemen's Who's Who␈↓,
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ αλSurrey, England, 1977.
␈↓ ↓H␈↓[23]  "Dialnet and Home Computers" (with Les
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ αλEarnest), ␈↓↓Proceedings of the First West
␈↓ ↓H␈↓↓␈↓ αλCoast Computer Faire and Conference␈↓, San
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ αλFrancisco, April 1977.
␈↓ ↓H␈↓[24]  "On The Model Theory of Knowledge"
␈↓ ↓H␈↓α␈↓ εP␈↓ J7


␈↓ ↓H␈↓α␈↓ ε!Budget 

␈↓ ↓H␈↓∧PERIOD COVERED: 3 Years: 1 June 1978 through 31 December 1981.

␈↓ ↓H␈↓∧Dates:                     6/1/78-5/31/79   6/1/79-5/31/80   6/1/80-5/31/81

␈↓ ↓H␈↓∧                                   Person-           Person-          Person-
␈↓ ↓H␈↓∧A. SALARIES AND WAGES              months            months           months

␈↓ ↓H␈↓∧   1. Senior Personnel:

␈↓ ↓H␈↓∧     a. John McCarthy,    24,257.    6.5    27,007.    6.5   29,168.    6.5
␈↓ ↓H␈↓∧       Professor
␈↓ ↓H␈↓∧       Summer 75%(2 mos.)
␈↓ ↓H␈↓∧       Acad. Yr. 50%

␈↓ ↓H␈↓∧   2. Other Personnel


␈↓ ↓H␈↓∧     a. Student Research 
␈↓ ↓H␈↓∧        Assistants
␈↓ ↓H␈↓∧        (50% Acad.Yr.;
␈↓ ↓H␈↓∧        100% Summer)

␈↓ ↓H␈↓∧       (1)                 7,155.    7.5     7,704.    7.5    8,320.    7.5

␈↓ ↓H␈↓∧       (2)                 7,155.    7.5     7,704.    7.5    8,320.    7.5

␈↓ ↓H␈↓∧     b. Support Personnel

␈↓ ↓H␈↓∧       (1) Sec'y (20%)     2,092.    2.4     2,259.    2.4    2,440.    2.4

␈↓ ↓H␈↓∧       (2) Sys.Prog.(15%)  2,937.    1.8     3,172.    1.8    3,426.    1.8
␈↓ ↓H␈↓∧                          _______           _______          _______

␈↓ ↓H␈↓∧   Total Salaries & Wages 43,596.           47,846.          51,674.

␈↓ ↓H␈↓∧B. STAFF BENEFITS         
␈↓ ↓H␈↓∧   9/1/77-8/31/78:19.0%          
␈↓ ↓H␈↓∧   9/1/78-8/31/79:20.3%
␈↓ ↓H␈↓∧   9/1/79-8/31/80;21.6%                                          
␈↓ ↓H␈↓∧   9/1/80-8/31/81;22.4%
␈↓ ↓H␈↓∧                           8,708.           10,179.          11,472.
␈↓ ↓H␈↓∧                          _______          ________         ________
␈↓ ↓H␈↓∧C. TOTAL SALARIES, WAGES,
␈↓ ↓H␈↓∧   AND STAFF BENEFITS     52,304.           58,025.          63,146.
␈↓ ↓H␈↓α␈↓ εP␈↓ I8


␈↓ ↓H␈↓∧D. PERMANENT EQUIPMENT     5,000                --               --
␈↓ ↓H␈↓∧   (2 Datamedia terminals)

␈↓ ↓H␈↓∧E. EXPENDABLE SUPPLIES     1,632.            1,730.           1,834.
␈↓ ↓H␈↓∧   & EQUIPMENT(e.g.,copying,
␈↓ ↓H␈↓∧   office supplies, postage,      
␈↓ ↓H␈↓∧   freight, consulting,
␈↓ ↓H␈↓∧   honoraria)

␈↓ ↓H␈↓∧F. TRAVEL                  1,840.            1,950.           2,067.
␈↓ ↓H␈↓∧   All Domestic Travel

␈↓ ↓H␈↓∧G. PUBLICATIONS            1,000.            1,060.           1,124.

␈↓ ↓H␈↓∧H. OTHER COSTS             6,640.            7,038.           7,460.
␈↓ ↓H␈↓∧   1.Communication  1,600.
␈↓ ↓H␈↓∧     (telephone)     
␈↓ ↓H␈↓∧   2. Computer      5,040.
␈↓ ↓H␈↓∧      Equip. Maint.
␈↓ ↓H␈↓∧                          _______          ________          _______  

␈↓ ↓H␈↓∧I. TOTAL COSTS             68,416.          69,803.          75,631.
␈↓ ↓H␈↓∧    (A through H)

␈↓ ↓H␈↓∧J. INDIRECT COSTS:58% of   36,781.          40,486.          43,866.
␈↓ ↓H␈↓∧   A through H, less D.   ________         ________         ________     


␈↓ ↓H␈↓∧K. TOTAL COSTS            105,197.         110,289.         119,497.

␈↓ ↓H␈↓∧L. THREE YEAR TOTAL                                         334,983.
␈↓ ↓H␈↓α␈↓ εP␈↓ J9


␈↓ ↓H␈↓α␈↓ β7References 

␈↓ ↓H␈↓Additional references beyond those listed in the
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xaccomplishments section.

␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓αLifschitz, Vladimir␈↓(1983): unpublished note on
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xcircumscription

␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓αMcCarthy, John (1977)␈↓: ␈↓αEpistemological
␈↓ ↓H␈↓α␈↓ ↓xProblems of Arti␈↓␈↓βc␈↓␈↓αcial Intelligence␈↓,
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓x␈↓↓Proceedings of the Fifth International Joint
␈↓ ↓H␈↓↓␈↓ ↓xConference on Arti␈↓␈↓βS␈↓␈↓↓cial Intelligence␈↓, M.I.T.,
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xCambridge, Mass.

␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓αMcCarthy, John (1983)␈↓: ␈↓αAI Needs more
␈↓ ↓H␈↓α␈↓ ↓xEmphasis on Basic Research␈↓, ␈↓↓AI Magazine␈↓,
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xVolume 4, Number 4, Winter 1983.

␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓αMcCarthy, John (1983)␈↓: ␈↓αThe Little Thoughts of
␈↓ ↓H␈↓α␈↓ ↓xThinking Machines␈↓, ␈↓↓Psychology Today␈↓,
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xVolume 17, Number 12, December 1983.

␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓αReiter, Raymond (19xx)␈↓: (concerning unique
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xnames)

␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓αReiter, Raymond (1982)␈↓: ␈↓αCircumscription
␈↓ ↓H␈↓α␈↓ ↓xImplies Predicate Completion
␈↓ ↓H␈↓α␈↓ ↓x(Sometimes)␈↓, Proceedings of the National
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xConference on Arti␈↓α␈↓βC␈↓α␈↓cial Intelligence,
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xAAAI-82.